1. POWER CONSUMPTION DATA Enter the power consumption information for your equipment. Modify the default values as needed.

Select Battery Voltage
Select the battery voltage used in your system. The program automatically recalculates the Ah for the selected battery voltage.

Enter
Average
Watts Enter average Watts in this column OR average Amps in the Amps column

Enter
Average
Amps Enter average Amps in this column OR average Watts in the Watts column

Enter
Daily
Hours Enter the total number of hours that the equipment runs each day

Daily
Ah
[Totals] This column gives the calculated Ah for each equipment and the total Ah for each area

Select
day
night Select if equipment is operated day only "D", both day and night "D/N" or night only "N". Night includes sunset and sunrise periods when little is generated by the solar system.

KITCHEN

Fridge (upgright/large)Enter average power or average current for your fridge or freezer. If you are not sure of the power consumption, click on "KITCHEN" for a list of the most common models of fridge/freezer used in Australia. Set the daily usage hours to "24" - this has been set as default.
Fridge (portable, freezer setting)Enter average power or average current for your fridge or freezer. If you are not sure of the power consumption, click on "KITCHEN" for a list of the most common models of fridge/freezer used in Australia. A fridge/freezer on a freezer setting will consume roughly double the power compared with a fridge setting. Set the daily usage hours to "24".
Fridge (portable,fridge setting)Enter average power or average current for your fridge or freezer. If you are not sure of the power consumption, click on "KITCHEN" for a list of the most common models of fridge/freezer used in Australia. Set the daily usage hours to "24".
Range HoodEnter average power or average current for your range hood. A typical value is 15Watts. Enter the running time in hours.
Type in the name of any other appliance and enter Watts or Amps and the running hours.

ELECTRONICSLaptop computers may have a significant impact on the sizing of solar and battery capacity, the default values should be varied as needed.
Other electronic items such as tablet computers, phones, cameras and GPS have a minor impact, so a reasonable assumption can be made about the daily power consumption need. The default values here are reasonable assumptions for sizing purposes.

Laptop ComputerEnter average power or average current for your laptop. This may range from 15Watt for a Macbook Air up to 30W for an older or higher spec'd laptop. An allowance should be included of 10% for power losses in an inverter or a DC adaptor. Running multiple older spec laptops for long periods places a big demand on solar power capacity, and if used after the sun has "gone down" can place a big demand on battery capacity. The most recent machines will have the lowest power consumption, with appropriate computer settings the power consumption can be further minimised. If the machine is further run on its internal battery, then an allowance for charging the battery must be added. For example, a 54Wh battery (2014 model 13.3" MacBook Air) will require 4.5Ah, plus losses, say 5Ah to fully charge its battery from flat.
Tablet Computer (recharge)It is assumed that power is required only to charge the tablet battery. An Ipad 2 has a 25Wh battery, and an Ipad 3 has a 42.5Wh battery. A full recharge every day is unlikely, however, a high charge rate assumption of around 50% charge daily is reasonable for solar and battery sizing. Therefore, for the Ipad 3, a daily charge of 24Wh, or 2Ah at 12V is reasonable.
Mobile Phone (recharge)As with the laptop, it is reasonable to assume a 50% charge is required daily. A 2014 Samsung Galaxy S5 has a 11.78Wh battery, therefore a 50% charge daily requires 0.5Ah at 12V.
Camera (recharge)As with the phone and tablet, it is reasonable to assume a 50% charge is required daily. A mid-range Nikon DSLR camera has a 7.5Wh battery, therefore a 50% charge is 0.3Ah at 12V.
Type in the name of any other equipment and enter Watts or Amps and the running hours.

PUMPSWhen free camping, minimising water usage is normally a priority, therefore pump usage will similarly be minimised.

Water Pressure PumpA pump fitted into a caravan having a shower consumes around 60W (5A at 12V) at maximum flow. Check your pump rating and adjust as necessary.
Type in the name of any other appliance and enter Watts or Amps and the running hours.

ENTERTAINMENTDefault values are typical for equipment used in caravans. Adjust as necessary.

TV
Antenna / Satellite
Radio
Type in the name of any other equipment and enter Watts or Amps and the running hours.

MEDICALEnter data for any medical devices requiring power.

CPAPCPAP machines can significantly impact the solar and battery sizing. Mid-range default values have been provided which must be amended by the user.
Type in the name of any other equipment and enter Watts or Amps and the running hours.

LIGHTINGAdd up the average wattage (or amperage) for the lights used. A reasonable estimate may be 20W for 3 hours. This is is equivalent to 3 to 4 downlights for 3 hours.
Although LED lights are very efficient, strip LED lights can be quite power hungry. The strip LED lights above the kitchen bench in a caravan consumed 24W and the outside LED light 16W. Therefore, careful management of lighting is needed to avoid unnecessary power usage.

Average lighting consumption

VENTILATIONAdd up the average wattage (or amperage) for any fans used. A portable fan suitable for a caravan fan will consume 3-4 Watts.

Fans

240V via INVERTERPower consumption on the 240V circuits is mostly discretionary, such as microwave usage, and the running load should not drive the solar and battery sizing.
The inverter must be selected in accordance with the manufacturer's guidelines so that it is able to accommodate both the starting in-rush current and steady state running current. To meet the start-up in-rush current requirements, the guidelines for battery capacity in the inverter manufacturer's manual must be observed - this may necessitate an increase in the battery capacity.

Inverter

2. PV & BATTERY PERFORMANCE DATA Enter the performance information for the components in your system. Modify the default values as needed.

PV Solar Panel

% Efficiency at STCThis value is the PV solar panel efficiency as stated by the manufacturer.
%/^oC Temperature Coeff of Power The PV Panel Temperature Coefficient of Power will be stated on the PV Panel datasheet. It defines the rate at which the output power reduces as the solar cell temperature increases. This coefficient is multiplied by (PV Panel Operating Temperature - Temperature at STC(25^oC)) to yield the reduction in power output compared with the panel specified output at Standard Test Conditions (STC). The parameter "PV Panel Operating Temperature" should be set to 45^oC. The panel will of course run hotter on sunny hot days, however on these days an appropriately sized system will generate surplus power.
^oC Operating Temperature Refer to the help under "PV Panel Temp Coeff Power"
% Efficiency at Operating Temp This is the PV cell efficiency at the operating temperature of the PV panel.
% Useable Peak Sun Hours Insolation is the amount of solar energy received on a given area measured in kilowatt-hours per square meter (kwh/m²). This value is equivalent to peak sun hours. The Useable Peak Sun Hours, disregards the sunrise and sunset periods when the irradiance is below the threshold for the solar system to generate power.
% Extra solar generating margin This is an allowance for underestimation and/or future growth in the power consumption. Note that the solar power sizing includes a margin for this.

Cable - PV Panel to SCC

% Loss - PV Panel to SCC This is the power loss in the cable from the PV panel(s) to the solar charge controller (SCC). The objective is that total cable losses should be less than 3%.

Solar Charge Controller (SCC)

% Efficiency This is the efficiency of the Solar Charge Controller (SCC). For an Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller with a 2 or 3 stage charge characteristic, an efficiency of 95% can be assumed.
For a PWM SCC an efficiency of 75% can be assumed, or less if it a single stage float voltage for charging the battery.

Cable - SCC to Battery

% Loss - SCC to Battery This is the power loss in the cable from the Solar Charge Controller (SCC) to the Battery. The objective is that total cable losses should be less than 3%.

Battery

% Charge Efficiency This is an allowance for the inefficiency of the battery. For a LiFePO4 battery, this is around 90-95%. For lead-acid around 85%. Note that the solar power sizing includes a margin for this.

2. BATTERY DATA

% Non-useable Minimum SoC This is the minimum charge that must remain in the battery to avoid impacting battery lifetime. This varies with battery technology. For lead-acid (i.e. AGM, gel, OPzV and lead-carbon) repeated discharge below 50% will reduce battery life therefore set this value to 50. For LiFePO4, the minimum SoC should be set to 30%, (i.e. set to 30) to avoid the possibility of total discharge.

Hours Autonomy (no sun) The hours of autonomy includes the overnight period plus further time when, due to shading or poor sun, there is little or no solar power being generated.
Note that the solar power is sized for the overnight usage, plus a spare margin - THIS HAS A LARGE EFFECT ON Ah REQUIRED.

5. PV SOLAR SIZING CALCULATIONS This frame shows the calculated PV Solar Power capacity required for your system.

PV Panel(s) Sizing

Total Watts Required This is the calculated PV Panel capacity required to generate the daily Amp-hour load plus the extra solar generating margin.
Watts-peak at Operating Temp This is the calculated PV Panel rating at the operating temperature (normally set to 45^oC).
Wh/day at output The cable from the PV Panel(s) to the Solar Charge Controller (SCC) loses a small amount of power, hence the Wh/day at the PV Panel(s) output is marginally higher than at the SCC input.

Solar Controller Sizing

Amp Rating (Amp) This is the amp rating of the Solar Charge Controller.
Power Rating (Watt) This is the power rating of the Solar Charge Controller.
Wh/day at SCC Input The Solar Charge Controller (SCC) is not 100% efficient, hence the Wh/day at the SCC input is marginally higher.
Wh/day at SCC Output The cable from the Solar Charge Controller (SCC) to the battery loses a small amount of power, hence the Wh/day at the SCC output is marginally higher than at the battery terminals.

Charge required from PV

Ah/Day used by loads This is the total Amp-hour consumed by the loads.
Ah/Day Extra solar margin This is the Amp-hour allowed to account for underestimation of the load daily load and/or allow additional loads.
Ah/Day Battery charge efficiency This is the Amp-hour required to compensate for the inefficiency of the battery. Losses are primarily due to the internal impedance which results in a heating of the battery during charge and discharge..
Ah/Day req'd from Solar This is the total Amp-hour (Ah) required daily from the PV Solar System to replenish the battery. i.e: Total Ah/Day = Ah/day consumed by load + Ah/day allowed for error/spare + Ah/day allowed for battery inefficiency
Wh/Day req'd from Solar This is the total Watt-hours (Wh) required daily from the PV Solar System to replenish the battery . ie Total Wh/day = Total Ah/day * Battery Voltage

4. BATTERY SIZING CALCULATIONS This frame shows the calculated battery capacity required for your system.

Ah - Total battery capacity This is the total Amp-hour size required for the battery. This size equals: Ah used overnight + Ah useable reserve. This reserve can be used overnight or used if insufficient sunlight for solar power generation.
Ah - Used Overnight (no sun) This is the total Amp-hour used overnight - this includes the dusk period before sunset, and dawn period after sunrise, when there is insufficient sunlight for solar power generation.
Ah - Useable Reserve This is the useable reserve Amp-hour (above the recommended minimum state of charge for the battery technology). This reserve can be used overnight or used duirng periods of poor sunlight.
Ah - Non-useable Minimum SoC This is the normal minimum state of charge of the battery in Amp-hour as recommended by the battery manufacturer. Use of this reserve is not recommended.
Hrs-Battery Endurance (no sun) Assuming an initial full battery, this is the duration in hours that the battery will supply the load without any incoming charge. i.e it uses the capacity allocated for overnight use, plus the useable reserve.
Maximum Charge Rate (C) The "C" parameter defines the charging current relative to the battery capacity, eg, 0.2C is 0.2 x 100Ah for a 100Ah battery, i.e 20Amps. The charge rate must be within the range recommended by the battery manufacturer.

6. CALCULATION RESULTS This frame provides a summary of the PV system size, solar charge controller and battery capacity that, for average solar insolation, will support continuous free camping.

PV Panel(s) Required (Watt) This is the total PV Panel Wattage required.

Solar Charge Controller Capacity This is the required capacity of the Solar Charge Controller. Power above about 400W will likely require (suitable) multiple SCC's connected in parallel, due to power limitations of available equipment. A 24V batter system is also recommended.
Amps This is the capacity of the Solar Charge Controller (Amps).
Watts This is the capacity of the Solar Charge Controller (Watts).


Battery Capacity Required (Ah) This is the total Amp-hour size required for the battery. This size equals: Ah for the hours of autonomy (Ah required overnight + useable reserve) plus the normally non-useable minimum state of charge (SoC).

5. YOUR CURRENT / PROPOSED SYSTEMEnter your proposed PV system and battery sizes. For the selected location and season, the calculator will estimate how many days your battery will last.

Watts-peak PV Panel(s) current/proposed Enter the total PV Panel Wattage installed or proposed.

Ah/Day from the current/proposed PV System This is the Ah per Day is or will be provided by the current or proposed PV system.

Ah/Day shortfall in charge from PV System This is the shortfall in Ah/Day of the Solar System with respect to the Ah/Day used by loads.

Ah Battery current/proposed Enter the total Ah of the battery current or proposed.

Number of days before the battery SoC is diminished to the "% Non-useable Minimum SoC" The battery SoC will reduce as the Solar System is not capable of topping up the battery each day. Starting with a fully charged battery, this value indicates the number of days before the battery SoC will reduce to the "% Non-useable Minimum SoC".

Number of days before the battery reaches 0% SoC This is the number of days before the battery is completely flat. Note that this is based on a basic SoC calculation. The actual number of days will likely be less than this.